Aggression is any behaviour intended to harm another. Instrumental aggression uses harm to achieve another goal (eg. attacking another to obtain food), while hostile aggession intends harm as its sole purpose.
Freud argued that aggressive behaviour is the motive expressed by the unconscious death instinct. According to psychoanalytic theory, human nature is inherently aggressive, but aggressive impulses can be relieved through catharsis, a vicarious release of emotion, such as watching a violent film or fantasizing about harming an enemy. Research, however, has failed to support the contention that watching aggressive stimuli reduces rather than enhances aggressive behaviour.
Another instinct theroy of aggression has been proposed by ethologists like Konrad Lorenz who argue that aggresssion in nonhuman species is ususally tied to territorial protection and survival.
A more recent theory of aggression posits its cause as frustration, failure of one's efforts to reach a goal. According to frustration-aggression theory, frustration always results in the impulse to aggress, and aggression can always be traced to the experience of frustration.
If the target of intended aggression s unavailable or retaliatory, one may displace aggression by harming an object or person other than the original target.
In a revision of the original theory, frustration is theorized to lead not directly to aggression but to anger, a readiness to behave aggressively. Anger in turn may give way to aggressive behaviour if triggered by such social and environmental influences as attack, pain, and extreme heat.
Undoubtedly much aggressive behaviour is learned, through both direct and indirect reinforcements(operant conditioning) and through the lessions of modelling (observational learning), such as when a child who has wrongly hit another child(an aggressive behaviour) is spanked by an adult(another aggressive behaviour).
Mountain Story
A son and his father were walking on the mountains.
Suddenly, his son falls, hurts himself and screams: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"
To his surprise, he hears the voice repeating, somewhere in the mountain: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"
Curious, he yells: "Who are you?"
He receives the answer: "Who are you?"
And then he screams to the mountain: "I admire you!"
The voice answers: "I admire you!"
Angered at the response, he screams: "Coward!"
He receives the answer: "Coward!"
He looks to his father and asks: "What's going on?"
The father smiles and says: "My son, pay attention."
Again the man screams: "You are a champion!"
The voice answers: "You are a champion!"
The boy is surprised, but does not understand.
Then the father explains: "People call this ECHO, but really this is LIFE.
It gives you back everything you say or do. Our life is simply a reflection of our actions. If you want more love in the world, create more love in your heart. If you want more competence in your team, improve your competence. This relationship applies to everything, in all aspects of life; Life will give you back everything you have given to it.YOUR LIFE IS NOT A COINCIDENCE. IT'S A REFLECTION OF YOU!"
Freud argued that aggressive behaviour is the motive expressed by the unconscious death instinct. According to psychoanalytic theory, human nature is inherently aggressive, but aggressive impulses can be relieved through catharsis, a vicarious release of emotion, such as watching a violent film or fantasizing about harming an enemy. Research, however, has failed to support the contention that watching aggressive stimuli reduces rather than enhances aggressive behaviour.
Another instinct theroy of aggression has been proposed by ethologists like Konrad Lorenz who argue that aggresssion in nonhuman species is ususally tied to territorial protection and survival.
A more recent theory of aggression posits its cause as frustration, failure of one's efforts to reach a goal. According to frustration-aggression theory, frustration always results in the impulse to aggress, and aggression can always be traced to the experience of frustration.
If the target of intended aggression s unavailable or retaliatory, one may displace aggression by harming an object or person other than the original target.
In a revision of the original theory, frustration is theorized to lead not directly to aggression but to anger, a readiness to behave aggressively. Anger in turn may give way to aggressive behaviour if triggered by such social and environmental influences as attack, pain, and extreme heat.
Undoubtedly much aggressive behaviour is learned, through both direct and indirect reinforcements(operant conditioning) and through the lessions of modelling (observational learning), such as when a child who has wrongly hit another child(an aggressive behaviour) is spanked by an adult(another aggressive behaviour).
Mountain Story
A son and his father were walking on the mountains.
Suddenly, his son falls, hurts himself and screams: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"
To his surprise, he hears the voice repeating, somewhere in the mountain: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"
Curious, he yells: "Who are you?"
He receives the answer: "Who are you?"
And then he screams to the mountain: "I admire you!"
The voice answers: "I admire you!"
Angered at the response, he screams: "Coward!"
He receives the answer: "Coward!"
He looks to his father and asks: "What's going on?"
The father smiles and says: "My son, pay attention."
Again the man screams: "You are a champion!"
The voice answers: "You are a champion!"
The boy is surprised, but does not understand.
Then the father explains: "People call this ECHO, but really this is LIFE.
It gives you back everything you say or do. Our life is simply a reflection of our actions. If you want more love in the world, create more love in your heart. If you want more competence in your team, improve your competence. This relationship applies to everything, in all aspects of life; Life will give you back everything you have given to it.YOUR LIFE IS NOT A COINCIDENCE. IT'S A REFLECTION OF YOU!"
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